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test with multiple independent and dependent variables

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spssdummy

test with multiple independent and dependent variables

Hey,
For my research I have multiple independent and multiple dependent variables
(and some covariates). One independent variable has four categories while
the others are continuous. The dependent variables are all continuous. I
think the covariates should be continuous but apart from continuous
variables I also want to test for the effect of categorical variables like
gender and employment status (how should I do this?)

My guess was to try MANCOVA, so I did this with the independent variable and
the 4 groups, and the dependent variables + covariates. It worked (except
that I don't know if it is appropriate to put gender and employment status
etc. under covariates). I then added the continuous independent variables to
the test, but it didn't work (some warning that it was too much).

- How can I deal with gender and employment status?
- Should I use a different test for the analyses, or just for analysing the
effect of the continuous independent variables on the dependent ones?

Thank you!!

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bdates

Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

You can use a multiple regression approach dummy coding the categorical independent variables. Covariates are entered as blocks, as in a heirarchical multiple regression. There's a tutorial at:

http://bayes.acs.unt.edu:8083/BayesContent/class/Jon/SPSS_SC/Module9/M9_Regression/SPSS_M9_Regression3.htm

DSA SPSS Short Course Module 9.3 Multiple Regression w/covariate

bayes.acs.unt.edu

Return to the SPSS Short Course MODULE 9. If you are not familiar with Bivariate Regression or standard Multiple Regression, then I strongly recommend returning to those previous tutorials and reviewing them prior to reviewing this tutorial. Multiple Linear Regression while evaluating the influence of a covariate.. Multiple regression simply refers to a regression model with multiple predictor ...

Brian

From: SPSSX(r) Discussion <[hidden email]> on behalf of spssdummy <[hidden email]>
Sent: Monday, June 10, 2019 11:21:34 AM
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Subject: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

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spssdummy

Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

Thanks Brian!

Very useful tutorial. The only thing is that this is suitable for just one
dependent variable at a time right? So should I do the same multiple
regression analysis multiple times as I have multiple dependent variables?

Second, my independent categorical variable has number 1, 2, 3 and 4 right
now. Is this okay for the analyses?

Thanks again

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bdates

Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

Your 4-category independent variable is fine. It will require three dummy variables. You'll probably need to look up how to dummy code multiple-category variables if you don't know how at this time. Multiple regression is made for one dependent variable. There is an alternative called canonical correlation (notice the term correlation connoting that you cannot attribute independence/dependence). Canonical correlation finds the best set of variables in set A (e.g., your independent variables) to the best in set B (e.g., your dependent variables). So basically, you have the correlation between one composite variable and another composite variable. Canonical correlation is a real bear to interpret. I'd stick with one dependent at a time.

Brian

From: SPSSX(r) Discussion <[hidden email]> on behalf of spssdummy <[hidden email]>
Sent: Monday, June 10, 2019 2:41:59 PM
To: [hidden email]
Subject: Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

Jon Peck

Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

For creating a set of dummy variables from a categorical variable, check out the SPSSINC CREATE DUMMIES extension command installable from the Extensions > Extension Hub menu. It will appear on the Transform menu once installed.

If you do want to venture into canonical correlations, there are several ways to get them in Statistics, but the easiest is probably the STATS CANCORR extension command, also installable from the Extension Hub.

On Mon, Jun 10, 2019 at 12:53 PM Dates, Brian <[hidden email]> wrote:

Your 4-category independent variable is fine. It will require three dummy variables. You'll probably need to look up how to dummy code multiple-category variables if you don't know how at this time. Multiple regression is made for one dependent variable. There is an alternative called canonical correlation (notice the term correlation connoting that you cannot attribute independence/dependence). Canonical correlation finds the best set of variables in set A (e.g., your independent variables) to the best in set B (e.g., your dependent variables). So basically, you have the correlation between one composite variable and another composite variable. Canonical correlation is a real bear to interpret. I'd stick with one dependent at a time.

Brian

From: SPSSX(r) Discussion <[hidden email]> on behalf of spssdummy <[hidden email]>
Sent: Monday, June 10, 2019 2:41:59 PM
To: [hidden email]
Subject: Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

Thanks Brian!

Very useful tutorial. The only thing is that this is suitable for just one
dependent variable at a time right? So should I do the same multiple
regression analysis multiple times as I have multiple dependent variables?

Second, my independent categorical variable has number 1, 2, 3 and 4 right
now. Is this okay for the analyses?

Thanks again

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Jon K Peck
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spssdummy

Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

In reply to this post by bdates

Thanks! I will then dummy code the variable. However, how can I get any more
insight in the specific linear relationships? Can I get something like
multiple comparisons with multiple regression?

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Bruce Weaver

Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

Administrator

In reply to this post by spssdummy

Do you mean that you are using GLM MULTIVARIATE? Via the GUI, this would be
Analyze > General Linear Model > Multivariate, and the first dialog that
appears would look like this:

https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/img/one-way-MANOVA-3.png

If this is what you mean, note that Fixed Factors are categorical
explanatory variables, and Covariates are quantitative explanatory
variables. For the Fixed Factors, SPSS takes care of the dummy-coding that
Brian mentioned automatically. (The REGRESSION makes no distinction between
fixed factors and covariates. It treats all explanatory variables as if
they are quantitative. So if you wish to include categorical variables when
using REGRESSION, you do need to generate your own dummy variables.)

One other thing you might want to think about is whether you have one
multivariate question or several univariate questions (i.e., one question
per DV). See the classic article by Huberty & Morris (1989) for more info
about that.

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ee6c/77c99c8e4530d0cccaedf85ed525fb22a02d.pdf

HTH.

spssdummy wrote

> Hey,
> For my research I have multiple independent and multiple dependent
> variables
> (and some covariates). One independent variable has four categories while
> the others are continuous. The dependent variables are all continuous. I
> think the covariates should be continuous but apart from continuous
> variables I also want to test for the effect of categorical variables like
> gender and employment status (how should I do this?)
>
> My guess was to try MANCOVA, so I did this with the independent variable
> and
> the 4 groups, and the dependent variables + covariates. It worked (except
> that I don't know if it is appropriate to put gender and employment status
> etc. under covariates). I then added the continuous independent variables
> to
> the test, but it didn't work (some warning that it was too much).
>
> - How can I deal with gender and employment status?
> - Should I use a different test for the analyses, or just for analysing
> the
> effect of the continuous independent variables on the dependent ones?
>
> Thank you!!
>
>
>
> --
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>
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spssdummy

Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

I want to know the effect of season (4 groups) and weather conditions
(multiple continuous independent variables) on physical activity variables
(continuous). For example, is there an effect of season on sedentary time,
or is there an effect of season on standing time, is there an effect of sun
hours on low intensity activity?

I was first trying glm-->multivariate but it didn't work with the
independent variables weather conditions, when I tried to add these to the
independent variable season.
Brian advised me to use multiple regression (analyze-->regression) so that's
what I am trying now. Therefore I wanted to know if you can get something
like multiple comparisons with multiple regression.

Thank you

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Bruce Weaver

Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

Administrator

What does "it didn't work" mean? My guess would be that one or more
variables got kicked out of the model due to multicollinearity. E.g., there
must be a strong association between sun hours and season. Look at the
figure on this page showing sun hours by month, for example:

https://www.livingin-canada.com/sunshine-hours-canada.html

Also, judging by the example questions you give below ("is there an effect
of season on sedentary time,
or is there an effect of season on standing time, is there an effect of sun
hours on low intensity activity?"), I'd say you have a bunch of univariate
questions, not one multivariate question.

HTH.

spssdummy wrote

> I want to know the effect of season (4 groups) and weather conditions
> (multiple continuous independent variables) on physical activity variables
> (continuous). For example, is there an effect of season on sedentary time,
> or is there an effect of season on standing time, is there an effect of
> sun
> hours on low intensity activity?
>
> I was first trying glm-->multivariate but it didn't work with the
> independent variables weather conditions, when I tried to add these to the
> independent variable season.
> Brian advised me to use multiple regression (analyze-->regression) so
> that's
> what I am trying now. Therefore I wanted to know if you can get something
> like multiple comparisons with multiple regression.
>
> Thank you
>
>
>
> --
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>
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Rich Ulrich

Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

In reply to this post by spssdummy

One reason that manova might "not work" is the lack of d.f.

for the analysis. For multiple regression, you have several d.f.

on the right hand side of the equation, only 1 d.f. on the left.

For any analysis at all, you need at least as many cases as there

are d.f., and it is better to have twice, five times, ten times, ...

depending on the size of the underlying R2 you expect in the model.

Remember - for simple MR, the R2 achieved by /artifact/, by

over-prediction, is (predictor d.f.)/cases. The actual prediction

has to be visible against that magnitude of "noise".

In my few exercises with manova, I've figured the same rule of

thumb for N seems okay, but this time, taking the "total d.f." as

(d.f.-left side) times (d.f.-right side). And that comes out too big

for small data sets.

With the problem that you eventually describe, it seems to me

that if you want a /test/, you want to create composite scores -

probably for both dep. and indep. vars. That reduces the test to

multiple regression, with fewer variables. If this "overall test" is

good, then you are justified in exploring its components.

If you are not choosing manova for its /test/ - Is there a proper

rationale for using it at all? Do you have this hypothesis, that you

are looking for a useful, not-obvious contrast among the dependent

variables?

Manova is notable for being hard to interpret. The complications

of figuring out "confounding", etc., among the independent vars

in multiple regression are magnified by simultaneously trying to

figure out what is happening among the dependent variables.

(Not really bad for 2; "it depends" for 3; probably bad for 4 or more

dep vars. But may be okay if you totally know what you are doing.)

Rich Ulrich

From: SPSSX(r) Discussion <[hidden email]> on behalf of spssdummy <[hidden email]>
Sent: Monday, June 10, 2019 11:21 AM
To: [hidden email]
Subject: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

spssdummy

Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

In reply to this post by Bruce Weaver

Thanks! There are indeed multiple questions but I do try to see it as one
question per dependent variable so 5 in total in my case. If I have the
dependent variable sedentary time, i want to examine which independent
variables affect it so I add all the independent variables (season, weather
conditions) in the multiple regression model and do this again for each
dependent variable if I'm correct

Then I do like to know in what way exactly for example season affects the
dependent variable. I might find an effect but with dummy coding all groups
are only compared to the reference while i want to compare all groups to
each other, which I don't know how to achieve with multiple regression.

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Jeff A

Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

If I understand the question/issue correctly, you just simply run a series
of regressions where you alter which is the excluded reference category. The
only meaningful thing that will change, however, is the p values since the
rest is all algebraically equivalent. There's an option to use contrast
coding, but I think that introduces a complexity that I don't think you
need.

Jeff

-----Original Message-----
From: SPSSX(r) Discussion <[hidden email]> On Behalf Of spssdummy
Sent: Tuesday, June 11, 2019 7:49 PM
To: [hidden email]
Subject: Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

Thanks! There are indeed multiple questions but I do try to see it as one
question per dependent variable so 5 in total in my case. If I have the
dependent variable sedentary time, i want to examine which independent
variables affect it so I add all the independent variables (season, weather
conditions) in the multiple regression model and do this again for each
dependent variable if I'm correct

Then I do like to know in what way exactly for example season affects the
dependent variable. I might find an effect but with dummy coding all groups
are only compared to the reference while i want to compare all groups to
each other, which I don't know how to achieve with multiple regression.

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Bruce Weaver

Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

Administrator

In reply to this post by spssdummy

Use GLM/UNIANOVA rather than REGRESSION and include categorical variables as
Fixed Factors. Then use EMMEANS with COMPARE keyword to get a table showing
all pair-wise comparisons. You may also wish to use one of the ADJ()
options to adjust for multiplicity.

https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSLVMB_25.0.0/statistics_reference_project_ddita/spss/base/syn_unianova_emmeans.html

spssdummy wrote

> Thanks! There are indeed multiple questions but I do try to see it as one
> question per dependent variable so 5 in total in my case. If I have the
> dependent variable sedentary time, i want to examine which independent
> variables affect it so I add all the independent variables (season,
> weather
> conditions) in the multiple regression model and do this again for each
> dependent variable if I'm correct
>
> Then I do like to know in what way exactly for example season affects the
> dependent variable. I might find an effect but with dummy coding all
> groups
> are only compared to the reference while i want to compare all groups to
> each other, which I don't know how to achieve with multiple regression.
>
>
>
> --
> Sent from: http://spssx-discussion.1045642.n5.nabble.com/
>
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spssdummy

Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

In reply to this post by Jeff A

Thank you! I still wanted to ask how to interpret the results for the dummy
variables season. In my attached file summer is used as the reference and
then there are the standardized beta coefficients but I am not sure if these
are actually like a comparison to the other seasons (so the ones next to
spring, autumn, winter).
<http://spssx-discussion.1045642.n5.nabble.com/file/t341602/spss.png>

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Jeff A

Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

In the sample, Autumn has the lowest predicted value on the DV followed by
Winter, Spring, and then Summer. You have little evidence that there is a
non-zero difference in the DV across any of the seasons in the population
from which the sample is drawn. ...many might say that none of these
differences reaches the traditional .05 level of statistical significance.
You don't really need to do further comparisons if you're simply interested
in null-hypothesis-statistical-tests, since if there is no meaningful
population difference between the three included seasons and the summer
reference where all three included seasons are less than summer in the
sample, then they can't be meaningfully different from one another - E.g. if
the Autumn/Summer p value = .146 and Autumn has the largest difference from
Summer, then all other contrasts/comparisons will have p>.146. Trying to
interpret standardized coefficients here doesn't seem very useful or
meaningful to me.

-----Original Message-----
From: SPSSX(r) Discussion <[hidden email]> On Behalf Of spssdummy
Sent: Tuesday, June 11, 2019 11:12 PM
To: [hidden email]
Subject: Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

Thank you! I still wanted to ask how to interpret the results for the dummy
variables season. In my attached file summer is used as the reference and
then there are the standardized beta coefficients but I am not sure if these
are actually like a comparison to the other seasons (so the ones next to
spring, autumn, winter).
<http://spssx-discussion.1045642.n5.nabble.com/file/t341602/spss.png>

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spssdummy

Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

Thanks! Indeed for this dependent variable no further analyses will be
needed.

However, when looking at the descriptives, the values for the dependent
variables seem to be different, with the highest value for winter, and then
autumn, summer and spring are lower. So I don't know why the predicted
results are so different.

<http://spssx-discussion.1045642.n5.nabble.com/file/t341602/spss2.png>

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Bruce Weaver

Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

Administrator

In reply to this post by Jeff A

There is no need to estimate the same model multiple times to get all of the
desired pair-wise contrasts. One can use GLM/UNIANOVA (with EMMEANS) rather
than REGRESSION, as suggested here:

http://spssx-discussion.1045642.n5.nabble.com/test-with-multiple-independent-and-dependent-variables-tp5738046p5738060.html

If a table of coefficients is desired, one can include PARAMETER on the
PRINT sub-command.

Jeff-2 wrote
> If I understand the question/issue correctly, you just simply run a series
> of regressions where you alter which is the excluded reference category.
> The
> only meaningful thing that will change, however, is the p values since the
> rest is all algebraically equivalent. There's an option to use contrast
> coding, but I think that introduces a complexity that I don't think you
> need.
>
> Jeff

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spssdummy

Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

I tried that but SPSS couldn't handle it for some reason. 5 dependent
variables, 1 categorical independent (4 groups), 7 continuous independent
variables, and multiple categorical and continuous covariates were entered.

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Jeff A

Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

In reply to this post by spssdummy

...because you have control variables in the multiple regression that are
correlated with the seasons. For one, you have max temperature that's going
to be highly correlated with the season essentially by definition to the
point that the entire model is likely meaningless. If all control variables
have zero correlation with the seasons, then the descriptives will be
equivalent to the regression. Any correlation between the controls and the
season dummies will alter the season's coefficients (relative to the
descriptive equivalents), and too much correlation will likely make the
regression essentially meaningless if you're attempting to interpret the
model rather than simply make a prediction for the sake of pure prediction
and nothing else. Look up info on the collinearity statistics you've printed
out and look up very fundamental information on multiple regression and
control variables in an intro stat book. What you're doing (for simplistic
example) is essentially like asking the software to make a prediction about
what is expected to occur during the summer at times when the seven day
average max temperature is zero or in the winter when it is 38 C and
expecting the results to be meaningful or able to be interpreted in a
meaningful way. It would likely be more helpful to read up on basic
statistics and ask about those principles in the appropriate place rather
than ask about running moderately-advanced models on this list when what
you're running sounds meaningless to me. To me, it makes little sense to
know the steps in running a model in statistical software if you don't know
what it means.

-----Original Message-----
From: SPSSX(r) Discussion <[hidden email]> On Behalf Of spssdummy
Sent: Wednesday, June 12, 2019 12:04 AM
To: [hidden email]
Subject: Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

Thanks! Indeed for this dependent variable no further analyses will be
needed.

However, when looking at the descriptives, the values for the dependent
variables seem to be different, with the highest value for winter, and then
autumn, summer and spring are lower. So I don't know why the predicted
results are so different.

<http://spssx-discussion.1045642.n5.nabble.com/file/t341602/spss2.png>

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Jeff A

Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

In reply to this post by Bruce Weaver

Thanks. I wasn't following the thread closely but jumped in the middle to
see what all of the discussion was about ! ...will have to look into
GLM/Unianova sometime - not familiar with that procedure. Given the nature
of the original poster's questions, however, I'm unsure whether it makes
sense to suggest that he tries more models that he can't interpret and are
probably meaningless !

-----Original Message-----
From: SPSSX(r) Discussion <[hidden email]> On Behalf Of Bruce
Weaver
Sent: Wednesday, June 12, 2019 6:18 AM
To: [hidden email]
Subject: Re: test with multiple independent and dependent variables

There is no need to estimate the same model multiple times to get all of the
desired pair-wise contrasts. One can use GLM/UNIANOVA (with EMMEANS) rather
than REGRESSION, as suggested here:

http://spssx-discussion.1045642.n5.nabble.com/test-with-multiple-independent
-and-dependent-variables-tp5738046p5738060.html

If a table of coefficients is desired, one can include PARAMETER on the
PRINT sub-command.

Jeff-2 wrote
> If I understand the question/issue correctly, you just simply run a
> series of regressions where you alter which is the excluded reference
category.
> The
> only meaningful thing that will change, however, is the p values since
> the rest is all algebraically equivalent. There's an option to use
> contrast coding, but I think that introduces a complexity that I don't
> think you need.
>
> Jeff

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